英语专业四级语法复习这些就够了

　　英语专业四级语法复习这八类考点之五：非谓语动词考点辨析

　　1. 非谓语动词的基本用法

　　·非谓语动词的否定形式：否定词not均加在非谓语动词或者非谓语动词短语的最前面。例如：

　　Not being tall is not aserious disadvantage in life.

　　·非谓语动词的时态和语态。

　　一般说来，动名词和现在分词的一般时表示该动作和主句的动作同时发生，完成时则表示该动作发生在主句动作之前;过去分词的一般时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动词之前，进行时表示该动作和主句动作同时发生;不定式的一般时表示该动作发生在主句动作之后，进行时表示该动作和主句动作同时发生，完成时则表示该动作发生在主句动作之前。

　　动名词、现在分词和不定式的一般时均表示该动作与其逻辑主语之间为主动关系，如果两者之间是被动关系，则要使用相应的被动形式;过去分词表示该动作与其逻辑主语之间为被动关系。

　　a)现在分词

　　一般时：Do you see the man talking to the dean?

　　一般被动式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere.

　　完成时：Not having made adequate preparations,they failed.

　　完成被动式：Having been adapted,the script seems perfect.

　　b)过去分词

　　一般时：Fight no battle unprepared.

　　c)不定式

　　一般时：He decided to work harder.

　　一般被动式：He preferred to be assigned some heavier work.

　　进行时：They are said to be holding ameeting now.

　　完成时：He pretended not to have seen me.

　　完成被动式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.

　　d)动名词

　　一般时：I enjoy swimming in the big river.

　　一般被动式：This question is far from being settled.

　　完成时：I regret not having taken your advice.

　　完成被动式(通常用一般被动式代替)：I still remember being invited/hav

　　ing been invited by afamous artist when Iwas in Shanghai.

　　2. 非谓语动词的主要区别

　　·不定式和动名词作句子的主语、宾语的区别：

　　a)作主语时，不定式多指具体的、一次性的动作，动名词多泛指概念性动作，在意义上较为笼统和抽象，含普遍意味。例如：

　　To get there by bike will take us an hour.

　　Learning from others is important.

　　b)有些动词要求不定式作宾语，如：　　afford,agree,aim,apply,arrange,cause,consent,dare,demand,desire,determine,endeavor,expect,fail,hesitate,learn,manage,offer,ought,plan,plot,prepare,presume,pretend,proceed,profess,refuse,resolve,strive,struggle,swear,threaten,tend,volunteer,undertake,wait,want等。

　　c)有些动词后要求动名词作宾语，如：　　acknowledge,admit,adore,advise,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,complete,confess,consider,contemplate,defer,delay,deny,discuss,enjoy,escape,evade,facilitate,fancy,favor,forbid,grudge,imagine,justify,mention,necessitate,postpone,prevent,quit,recall,recommend,renounce,regret,require,resent,resist,resume,risk,stand,suggest,tolerate,warrant等。

　　d)在can't bear,like,hate,prefer等表示喜好的动词后，动名词表示一般倾向，不定式表示具体行为。例如：

　　I would like to go with him.

　　He really loves jogging before breakfast.

　　e)在bear,deserve,need,require,want等动词后，动名词表示被动含义，不定式表示主动含义。例如：

　　We want to think it over.

　　This problem needs thinking about.

　　f)can not help but,rather than,sooner than,had better,other than短语后接不带to的不定式。例如：

　　He said he'd sooner die than betray his friend.

　　g)介词后一般使用动名词作宾语，不用不定式;但是在介词but,except,save后接不定式作宾语，同时，若前面有do anything/nothing/everything结构时，其后接不带to的不定式作宾语。例如：

　　He wanted nothing but to stay there.

　　They did nothing but complain.

　　·现在分词和过去分词作定语、状语的区别。主要考点为：

　　a)现在分词的一般时表示主动的、正在进行的动作;过去分词的一般时表示被动的、已经完成的动作。分词短语作定语时，逻辑主语为它所修饰的名词;分词短语作状语时，逻辑主语必须和主句主语保持一致。例如：

　　He stood by the window,reading abook.

　　There is not much work finished.

　　c) 表示已经完成的主动的动作，使用现在分词的完成时。例如：

　　Having finished his homework,Tom went out to meet his friends.

　　c)表示正在进行的被动的动作，使用现在分词的一般被动式。例如：

　　This is the question being discussed.

　　d)表示已经完成的被动动作，既可以用现在分词的完成被动式，也可以用过去分词，但是前者只作状语，不可作定语，而后者作定语、状语均可。例如：

　　Having been praised asecond time/Praised asecond time,I decided to make still greater progress.

　　The stolen car was found by the police last week.

　　e)当分词有独立主语(不同于主句主语的名词或代词)时，则是一种独立主格结构形式。例如：

　　The bell ringing,we all stopped talking.(=When the bell rang,we all stopped talking.)

　　There being no bus,we had to walk home.(=There was no bus,so we had to walk home.)

　　f)现在分词being在独立主格结构中往往被省略。例如：

　　He came into the room,his face(being)red with cold.

　　·不定式和分词作句子的定语、状语的区别：

　　a)动词不定式可以作目的状语，分词不可以。例如：

　　He got up at6a.m.to catch the earliest train.

　　b)现在分词可以作结果状语，但是在so...as to...，such...as to...，...enough to...等结构中需用不定式作结果状语。例如：

　　They all went out,leaving the5-year-old Tom to stay at home alone.

　　He is not so silly as to do such thing.

　　c)不定式to find,to see,to learn等通常表示意外的结果，前面可以加上only突出不愉快。例如：

　　He woke up,only to find himself in adark room.

　　d)分词短语可以作时间状语和伴随状语，不定式则不可以。例如：

　　They came out of the classroom,laughing and chatting.(伴随状语)

　　When asked to speak,he complained about the poor service.(时间状语)