2012年职称英语考试理工类A级真题及参考答案

第二篇 Download Knowledge Directly to Your Brain

　　For the first time, researchers have been able to hack into the process of learning in the brain, using induced brain patterns to create a learned behavior. It’s not quite as advanced as an instant kung-fu download, and it’s not as sleek as cognitive inception, but it’s still an important finding that could lead to new teaching and rehabilitation techniques.

　　Future therapies could decode the brain activity patterns of an athlete or a musician, and use them as a benchmark for teaching another person a new activity, according to the researchers.

　　Scientists from Boston University and ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories in Kyoto used functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, to study the learning process. They were examining the adult brain’s aptitude for visual perceptual learning, or VPL, in which repetitive training improves a person’s performance on a particular task. Whether adults can do this as well as young people has been an ongoing debate in neuroscience.

　　Led by BU neuroscientist Takeo Watanabe, researchers used a method called decoded fMRI neurofeedback to stimulate the visual cortex. First they showed participants circles at different orientations. Then they used fMRI to watch the participants’ brain activity. The researchers were then able to train the participants to recreate this visual cortex activity.

　　The volunteers were again placed in MRI machines and asked to visualize shapes of certain colors. The participants were asked to “somehow regulate activity in the posterior part of the brain” to make a solid green disc as large as they could. They were told they would get a paid bonus proportional to the size of this disc, but they weren’t told anything about what the disc meant. The researchers watched the participants’ brain activity and monitored the activation patterns in their visual cortices.

　　“Participants can be trained to control the overall mean activation of an entire brain region,” the study authors write, “or the activation in one region relative to that in another region.”

　　This worked even when test subjects were not aware of what they were learning, the researchers said.

　　“The most surprising thing in this study is that mere inductions of neural activation patterns corresponding to a specific visual feature led to visual performance improvement on the visual feature, without presenting the feature or subjects' awareness of what was to be learned,” Watanabe said in a statement.

　　Watanabe and colleagues said this method can be a powerful tool.

　　“It can ‘incept’ a person to acquire new learning, skills, or memory, or possibly to restore skills or knowledge that has been damaged through accident, disease, or aging, without a person’s awareness of what is learned or memorized,” they write.

　　36. what have researchers been able to do with the help of the study?

　　A. Discover a person’s learning process in the brain.

　　B. Make a person know how to do something without learning.

　　C. Set up different learning patterns for different people.

　　D. Enable people to learn kung fu instantly.

　　37. what helps a person to do a particular task better in visual perceptual learning?

　　A. Testing

　　B. Encouragement

　　C. Self- assessment

　　D. Repetition

　　38. which of the following statements is true of the experiment participants?

　　A. They learned how to control MRL machines in the experiment

　　B. They were not told what to be learned in the experiment

　　C. They were paid to take part in the experiment

　　D. They were not cooperative in the experiment

　　39. the finding of the study is most significant in that learning

　　A. is full of fun

　　B. is visualized

　　C. happens unconsciously

　　D. becomes unnecessary

　　40. who are most likely to benefit from the study?

　　A. Teenagers

　　B. Musicians

　　C. Senior people

　　D. Athletes