托福独立写作的语言表达技巧

2016-08-17 14:18:00来源：网络

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　　作为一种语言测试方式，托福考试的重点是检测考生的英语语言水平，如何写出正确流畅的语言是得到托福写作单项高分的必备条件。在TOEFL iBT Official Guide(托福官方指南，以下简称OG)中明确指出托福独立写作有三大考查维度：Development(展开论点)，Organization(组织文章结构)和Language Use(语言运用)。因此，除了注意作文的内容和结构外，阅卷老师同样十分注重我们在作文中表现出来的语言基本功。不管我们的观点多么精妙，证据多么充分，结构多么合理，如果语言错误百出，就不可能在写作部分得到高分。我们先一起来看一下OG上对于我们语言部分的要求：

　　Language use is the third criterion on which your essay will be judged. To get a top score, an essay must display "consistent facility in the use of language." There should be a variety of sentence structures, and word choice should be appropriate. If your essay includes a few minor lexical or grammar errors, you can still get a high score. However, if you make a lot of grammar errors and if those errors make it hard to understand your meaning, you will get a lower score. Raters will also judge your essay based on the complexity of sentence structures and on the quality and complexity of your vocabulary. If you use very simple sentences and very basic vocabulary, you will probably not be able to express very complex ideas. If your language is hard to follow, your sentences are overly simple, and your vocabulary is limited, you may score no higher than a 3 no matter how impressive your ideas may be.

　　可以看出来，托福独立写作部分对于我们写作的总体要求是consistent facility in the use of language(语言运用的和谐流畅)，给我们的具体建议是a variety of sentence structures(句子结构多样)和word choice should be appropriate(措辞贴切得体)，评分者(raters)的审查角度是lexical or grammar errors(词汇和语法错误)以及the complexity of sentence structures(句子结构的复杂程度)和the quality and complexity of your vocabulary(考生所使用的词汇的质量和复杂程度)。接下来我们分别先从语法错误、措辞和句子结构三个方面来探讨备考过程中我们应该注意的事项：

　　1. lexical or grammar errors

　　任何一种语言考试都强调语言表达的准确性，在2010年1月之后，ETS在独立写作部分中加入了e-rater的评分模式。电脑系统评分无疑对考生的语法词汇表达的正确性提出了更高的要求。在2009年1月份ETS发布的Evaluating the Construct -Coverage of the e-rater® Scoring Engine中，明确指出e-Rater会关注的四大语言层面：Grammar(Proofread this, Ill-formed Verbs, Pronoun Errors, Possessive Errors, Wrong or Missing Words, Sentence Structure包括：Fragments, Run-ons, Garbled Sentences, Subject-verb agreement), Usage(Article Errors, Confused Words, Incorrect Word Forms, Faulty Comparisons, Nonstandard verbs or word forms), Mechanics(Spelling, Capitalization包括Proper Nouns和Sentence-Initial, Punctuation包括Missing Question Marks, Missing Final Punctuation, Missing Comma or Apostrophe和Hyphen Error, Fused Words, Compound Words, Duplicated Words)和Style(Repetition of Words, Inappropriate Words or Phrases, Too Many Sentences Beginning with Conjunction, Too Many Short Sentences, Too Many Long Sentences, Passive Voice)，换句话说，我们要在独立写作中避免出现以上的常见的语言表达错误，这就需要同学们在平时练习中注意语法的积累。在这里简单列举同学们在写作句子层面上经常犯的错误：

　　(1)粘连句(Run-ons sentence)

　　Run-ons sentence指一句话中包含两个或更多的意思，但这些意思之间没有用恰当的标点符号或缺乏连接词等分隔开，这往往由于写作者不熟悉英语语法表达导致。如：

　　Students deserve more respect they are young adults.

　　I met an old man was standing by the street.

　　正确的表达可以是：

　　Students deserve more respect when/although they are young adults.

　　I met an old man who was standing by the street.

　　(2)逗号连接句(Comma splice)

　　Comma splice指用逗号连接两个分句。在英语中，逗号只能表示语气上的短暂停顿，不能表示两个分句间的逻辑关系，如果一句话中有几个分句，就常常使用连接词。如：

　　We are out of money, we decide not to eat out on the weekend.

　　正确的表达可以是：

　　We are out of money, so we decide not to eat out on the weekend.