托福独立写作的语言表达技巧

2016-08-17 14:18:00来源：网络

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　　(6)分词

　　Tourism, which is a rising industry, has become the major source of economy, playing crucial role in many Asian countries.

　　To be more specific, government should stage some relevant laws or regulations to severely punish the factory producing a great number of pollutants and the people littering or spitting deliberately.

　　英语作文中句子的质量还受其长度的影响。但并不是说所有的句子越长越好。在写作中，短句能够给人留下比较深刻的印象，比较适合用来表达观点;而长句善于表达非常复杂的逻辑关系，比较适合用来解释不同现象间的关系。由于长句和短句的不同功能，在托福写作中，我们常用短句来表达关键信息，尤其是引言段中的thesis statement和正文段的topic sentence，用长句来描述引言段中的背景信息和对正文段的topic sentence进行拓展。如果我们能做到这一点，文章中就会有长短句交替出现，避免枯燥乏味的问题。比如下面这个段落中，作者就用一个短句表达主题思想，然后用了几个长句来解释这个思想。

　　Children in modern society become more difficult to understand than 50 years ago. Children acquire a lot more new information and ideas from various resources, such as mass media and the Internet, while their parents always cannot accept those ideas, because they always have a stereotyped mind and are reluctant to take novel concepts. Therefore, generation gap becomes huger between parents and children in modern society, which impedes the communication between parents and the children.

　　下面这个段落同样体现了这个特点：

　　Advertising assists customers to find and buy suitable products. Common knowledge is that advertising refers to presenting information, including ingredients, manufactures or providers, functions and so on, relating to a product or service by a variety of media, such as televisions, radios, newspaper, magazines, brochures, and so forth. With the presence of advertising, a consumer is able to acquire the latest information in the market, such as properties of a product or service, and thereby make a wiser buying decision. By contrast, without advertising, a consumer is at the risk of purchasing a product that fails to meet all of his or her needs, because of lack of knowledge of better alternatives in the market.

　　最后，我们要注意语言的衔接。高质量的文章要求行文流畅，各部分的起承转合不能有生涩之感，而衔接的主要目的是把文章里的各种内容有机地连接起来，使其成为一个整体，帮助读者更加清楚、准确地判断各部分之间的关系，更好地把握全文。这就像盖房子时在摆放整齐的砖块之间加上水泥，使之更为牢固。这一点在托福独立写作评分维度中的Organization中也有强调。最简单的方法就是使用过渡词来实现上下文的衔接。学生可以使用英语中一些常见的过渡词来实现语言上的衔接：

　　(1)增补(Addition)

　　in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what`s more, similarly, next, finally.

　　(2)比较(Comparison)

　　in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, just as, in comparison, Compared with…, …, comparing with,

　　(3)对照(Contrast)

　　whereas, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, even though, while

　　(4)因果(Cause and effect)

　　because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus, given that

　　(5)强调(Emphasis)

　　certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely

　　(6)让步(Concession)

　　although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....

　　(7)例证(Exemplification)

　　for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration. One apt illustration of this point involves…

　　(8)总结(Conclusion)

　　to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary

　　(9)当说到…时：

　　as of, when it comes to, concerning, when talking about, as far as,

　　时间和空间(Time and space)

　　afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyond, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of

　　当然，英语语言的使用更多的来自于同学们日常的积累。背诵单词并多读范文对于托福写作语言的准确使用有着很大的意思。

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